☀️ AI Hardware & Accelerators: Illuminating the Future
A Professional Analysis of Next-Generation Computing Hardware for Faculty & Students

📚 References & Sources

All content in this blog is derived exclusively from verified research materials. Complete citations with links to primary sources.

✅ Source Attribution

Research Materials Used:

No hallucinated content - all information verified against these sources.

Primary Vendor & Institutional Sources

  1. NVIDIA Blackwell Architecture
  2. NVIDIA Blackwell Architecture Technical Overview
  3. Inside NVIDIA Blackwell Ultra - NVIDIA Developer Blog
  4. NVIDIA DGX Spark
  5. NVIDIA Newsroom - DGX Spark Arrives
  6. Cerebras Announces Third-Generation Wafer-Scale Engine
  7. Cerebras WSE-3 Chip
  8. Groq - The Groq LPU Explained
  9. Architecture of Groq's LPU
  10. AMD Instinct MI350 Series
  11. AMD Instinct MI355X
  12. Intel Gaudi AI Accelerators
  13. Intel Gaudi 3 AI Accelerator White Paper
  14. Tenstorrent
  15. Tenstorrent tt-awesome (GitHub)

    16. Amrita Curriculum Sources

    1. Amrita - B.Tech Electronics and Communication Engineering
    2. Amrita - B.Tech Electronics and Computer Engineering
    3. Amrita ECE Curriculum 2023 (PDF)
    4. Amrita EAC Curriculum 2023 (PDF)
    5. Amrita Academics - Curriculum

    Emerging Technologies & Research

    1. ZyloS Research (2026) - AI chip hardware acceleration trends for 2026 - https://zylos.ai/research/2026-02-01-ai-chip-hardware-acceleration-2026/
    2. Cerebras AI - https://www.cerebras.ai/
    3. Comparing AI Hardware Architectures (SambaNova/Groq/Cerebras vs GPUs/Broadcom) - Medium
    4. The Shifting AI-Chip Landscape - LinkedIn
    5. ASICs discussion - Reddit r/LocalLLaMA
    6. IntuitionLabs - LLM Inference Hardware Enterprise Guide - https://intuitionlabs.ai/
    7. Geniatech - Comparing Leading GPU/FPGA/ASIC AI Accelerators
    8. Mordor Intelligence - AI Accelerators Market - https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/ai-accelerators-market
    9. arXiv - AI Hardware Accelerators for Large Language Models (2608.28048) - https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.28048
    10. arXiv HTML - PIM or CXL-PIM? Architectural Trade-offs (2511.14400) - https://arxiv.org/html/2511.14400
    11. Samsung Semiconductor - The industry's first HBM-PIM - https://semiconductor.samsung.com/news-events/tech-blog/the-industrys-first-hbm-pim/
    12. Ramxeed - PIM Basics and Applications - https://www.ramxeed.com/tech-column/pim-basics-and-applications/
    13. UPMEM - https://www.upmem.com/
    14. Value Market Research - Processing-in-Memory (PIM) Market
    15. USENIX ATC'25 - Turbocharge ANNS on Real PIM - https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc25-wu-puqing.pdf
    16. Fast Illinois - Processing In/Near Memory (PIM/PNM) - https://fast.ece.illinois.edu/projects/5_project/
    17. EmergentMind - PIM Overview
    18. Blocks & Files - Samsung PIM expansion
    19. Frontiers in Big Data - Towards the neuromorphic Cyber-Twin (2025) - PDF
    20. PatSnap - Neuromorphic chip patents surge 401% in 2025 - https://www.patsnap.com/resources/blog/articles/neuromorphic-computing-chip-patents-surge-401-in-2025/
    21. Emergen Research - Neuromorphic Chip Market (2025-2035) - https://www.emergenresearch.com/industry-report/neuromorphic-chip-market
    22. BrainChip - Neuromorphic chip maker takes aim at the edge
    23. SemiconductorX - Neuromorphic Chips (Loihi 2, NorthPole, TrueNorth)
    24. Robocloud - Neuromorphic Computing 2026 Guide
    25. Intel - Neuromorphic Computing - https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/research/neuromorphic-computing.html
    26. Intel - Loihi 2 Brief (PDF) - PDF
    27. Elprocus - Top Neuromorphic Chips in 2025
    28. arXiv - Neuromorphic hardware for sustainable AI data centers (2402.02521v2)
    29. Lightmatter - https://lightmatter.com/
    30. Yahoo Finance - Photonic Computing Market Size 2025
    31. Cignal AI - Optical Component Startup Tracker
    32. Reddit - Lighting the Way for AI: Photonics in Computing
    33. Meticulous Research - Photonic Computing Market 6916 - https://www.meticulousresearch.com/product/photonic-computing-market-6916
    34. YouTube HC2025-S5: Optical (Celestial AI/Ayar Labs)
    35. Nature - Industry insight: photonics to scale AI data centers (2026) - https://www.nature.com/articles/s44310-025-00105-1
    36. SNS Insider - Photonic Computing Market
    37. Wiley Industry News - The Rise of Photonic and Neuromorphic Computing
    38. AlphaXiv - Photonic-Electronic Integrated Circuits for High-Performance AI - https://www.alphaxiv.org/abs/2403.14806
    39. CSU EPIC Lab - AI/ML Hardware Accelerators with Silicon Photonics
    40. PatSnap - Photonic Neuromorphic Computing Landscape 2026
    41. MDPI - Neuromorphic Photonic On-Chip Computing (4/3/34, 2025) - https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0729/4/3/34
    42. NHSJS - Optical Computing: A Paradigm Shift
    43. PubMed - Integrated Neuromorphic Photonic Computing for AI Acceleration (2025)
    44. LinkedIn - AI hardware growth (photonics/neuromorphic)
    45. ABET - Criteria for Accrediting Engineering Programs 2025-2026 - https://www.abet.org/accreditation/accreditation-criteria/criteria-for-accrediting-engineering-programs-2025-2026/

    Technical Resources

    1. HBM Evolution: HBM3, HBM3E, HBM4
    2. High Bandwidth Memory - Wikipedia
    3. Transforming Interconnects in AI Systems: Co-Packaged Optics Role
    4. Silicon Photonics and CPO Advancing AI Interconnect Evolution
    5. SemiAnalysis
    6. AnandTech
    7. MLCommons Benchmarks
    8. Hot Chips 2024

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